NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (2024)

Light in the ocean decreases with depth, with minimal light penetrating between 200-1,000 meters (656-3,280 feet) and depths below 1,000 meters receiving no light from the surface.

NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (1)

This unpatterned, brown cusk eel (probably an undescribed species) has color typical of many fishes living near the bottom between 0.5 and 3.6 miles (1,000 and 6,000 meters) down in the ocean, where no light penetrates. The eye is large and can detect dim light produced by other animals, but it may not be able to see full images. Image courtesy of NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, 2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas. Download image (jpg, 38 KB).

The importance of light in the ocean is reflected by the description of the ocean’s vertical zones of the water column in terms of how much light these zones receive. The ocean is generally divided into three zones which are named based on the amount of sunlight they receive: the euphotic, dysphotic, and aphotic zones.

Euphotic Zone (Sunlight Zone or Epipelagic Zone)

The upper 200 meters (656 feet) of the ocean is called the euphotic zone. Since sunlight penetrates this zone sufficiently to support the growth of phytoplankton and/or macro algae (i.e., plants that need sunlight to make food and survive), providing the bulk of ocean primary production (food), it is also known as the sunlight zone (or epipelagic zone). Organisms in the zones below are dependent on what food drifts down from above, ranging from tiny clumps of bacteria and dead algae to occasional bonanzas like a dead whale.

Dysphotic Zone (Twilight Zone or Mesopelagic Zone)

The area between 200 and 1,000 meters (656 and 3,280 feet) is the dysphotic zone. Also known as the twilight zone (or mesopelagic zone), light intensity in this zone is severely reduced with increasing depth, so light penetration is minimal. About 20 percent of primary production from the surface falls down to the mesopelagic zone. Consequently, the density or biomass of mesopelagic zone occupants is lower than at the surface, and mesopelagic organisms have an interesting variety of mechanisms that help them find food as well as avoid being meals for other species.

Aphotic Zone (Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, and Hadopelagic Zones)

Sunlight does not penetrate the eternal darkness below 1,000 meters (3,280 feet), an area known as the aphotic zone, which includes the midnight zone (or bathypelagic zone) between 1,000 and 4,000 meters (3,280 and 13,123 feet), the abyss (or abyssopelagic zone) between 4,000 and 6,000 meters (13,123 and 19,685 feet), and the hadal zone (or hadopelagic zone) 6,000 meters (19,685 feet) and deeper. The only light available at these depths is generated by organisms. About five percent of the primary production from the surface makes it to the bottom of the ocean. Less food means lower biomass. Occasionally, large items like dead sharks or whales reach the seafloor, but generally food is scarce.

NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (2024)

FAQs

What is the NOAA ocean exploration? ›

Learn about NOAA Ocean Exploration, a federal organization dedicated to exploring the unknown ocean, unlocking its potential through scientific discovery, technological advancements, and data delivery.

Why is ocean exploration so difficult? ›

Today, over 80% of the global ocean (and 50% of the U.S. Ocean) is still unmapped, with even more unexplored. One of the biggest challenges of ocean exploration is the intense pressures in the deep ocean. In addition, zero visibility and extreme cold temperatures make it difficult to explore the vast ocean.

How much of the ocean have we explored in 2024? ›

As of June 2024, 26.1% of the global seafloor had been mapped with modern high-resolution technology (multibeam sonar systems), usually mounted to ships, that can reveal the seafloor in greater detail.

How much does it cost to research the ocean? ›

Ocean research: Exact global numbers are not available, but as an example, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a budget of approximately $786.275 million for the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) in 2024.

What is the main purpose of the NOAA? ›

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) mission is to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts, to share that knowledge and information with others, and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources as the Nation's authoritative environmental ...

What research does NOAA do? ›

The NOAA Research Laboratories conduct an integrated program of research, technology development, and services to improve the understanding of Earth's atmosphere, oceans and inland waters, and to describe and predict changes occurring to them.

Why did NASA stop exploring the ocean? ›

Misleading. NASA did not abruptly stop deep-sea research following the failure of a satellite in 1978. The agency continues to study the deep ocean and launched missions as recently as 2021.

Why is 95 of the ocean unexplored? ›

Conditions in the deep-sea environment include very high pressures, total darkness, extreme temperatures, and toxic chemicals.

What happens to a body at 13,000 feet underwater? ›

What happens to your body at 13000 feet underwater? The pressure at 13,000 feet underwater is about 1,000 atmospheres, about 100 times the pressure at sea level. This pressure would have a devastating effect on the human body. The lungs would collapse, and the blood vessels would burst, leading to internal bleeding.

How many ships are at the bottom of the ocean? ›

There's an estimated three million shipwrecks scattered across the ocean floor, from sunken World War II destroyers to colonial Spanish galleons to small abandoned dinghies.

Will we ever discover 100% of the ocean? ›

Just how much of the ocean is explored? Only a minuscule 20%, leaving an astounding 80% shrouded in mystery. This article uncovers the challenges and endeavors of plunging into the unknown depths, offering a glimpse into why so much of our oceanic realm remains untouched.

What part of the ocean has not been explored? ›

More than 80 percent of the ocean has not been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans. A far greater percentage of the surfaces of the moon and the planet Mars has been mapped and studied than of our own ocean floor.

What is the biggest scientific issue for ocean exploration? ›

One of the biggest challenges of ocean exploration comes down to physics. Dr. Gene Carl Feldman, an oceanographer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, explains that the ocean, at great depths, is characterized by zero visibility, extremely cold temperatures, and crushing amounts of pressure.

Who funds ocean exploration? ›

Through its annual competitive grant opportunity, NOAA Ocean Exploration funds projects designed to enhance ocean exploration and scientific knowledge of unexplored or poorly known areas of the ocean.

How much of the ocean is unclaimed? ›

The remaining unclaimed “area” shrinks. It has already declined from more than 70 percent of the sea floor to just 43 percent. 57 percent of the ocean floor has already been parceled out.

What is NOAA National Ocean Service? ›

The National Ocean Service helps decision makers find solutions. We are the nation's leader in observing, measuring, assessing, protecting, and managing coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes areas. Most of the ocean is unseen by human eyes — more than 80% of our ocean is unmapped, unobserved and unexplored.

What is the meaning of ocean exploration? ›

Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces. Notable explorations were undertaken by the Greeks, the Romans, the Polynesians, the Phoenicians, Phytheas, Herodotus, the Vikings, the Portuguese and Muslims.

What is the NOAA ocean climate Action Plan? ›

To reach these ambitious goals, the OCAP maps out eight priority actions—including increasing offshore wind and marine energy, decarbonizing the maritime shipping sector, conserving and restoring coastal and marine habitats that naturally store carbon (“blue carbon”), and expanding protected areas in the ocean (“marine ...

What is the NOAA Marine Debris Program? ›

Marine debris is a global problem. The mission of the NOAA Marine Debris Program is to investigate and prevent adverse impacts from marine debris.

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